Osteoporosis

 

What is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the risk of fractures. It is often called a “silent disease” because bone loss occurs without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Osteoporosis affects millions of people, especially older adults, and is more common in women than men.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Often has no symptoms until a fracture occurs.

Possible signs include:

• • Loss of height over time
  • A stooped posture or a curvature of the spine
  • Sudden back pain, which may indicate a fracture
  • Fractures that occur more easily than expected, particularly in the hip, spine, or wrist

Causes and Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

• Age: The risk increases as people get older, particularly after age 50.
• Gender: Women are at a higher risk, especially post-menopausal women due to lower estrogen levels.
• Family history: A family history of osteoporosis or fractures may increase risk.
• Body frame size: Smaller body frames may have a higher risk because they may have less bone mass to draw from as they age.
• Hormonal changes: Low levels of sex hormones (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) can lead to bone loss.
• Diet: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can contribute to osteoporosis.
• Lifestyle factors:
  • Sedentary lifestyle or lack of weight-bearing exercises
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Smoking, which contributes to bone loss

Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Osteoporosis

Bone Density Test (DEXA Scan):
The most common test to diagnose osteoporosis. It measures bone mineral density (BMD) and assesses the strength of bones. Results are given in T-scores:

• A T-score of -1.0 or higher is considered normal
• A T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates low bone density (osteopenia)
• A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis

Fracture Risk Assessment:
Tools like FRAX can estimate the 10-year probability of:

• Hip fractures
• Other major osteoporotic fractures

Lab Tests:
Blood tests may be conducted to identify underlying causes, including:

• Calcium levels
• Vitamin D levels
• Hormone levels

Treatment Options for Osteoporosis

Lifestyle Changes:

• Engage in regular weight-bearing exercises (e.g., walking, jogging, dancing)
• Consume a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
• Limit alcohol consumption and avoid smoking

Medications:

• Bisphosphonates: Help prevent bone loss and reduce fracture risk (e.g., alendronate, risedronate)
• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): May be used to maintain hormone levels in postmenopausal women
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Mimic estrogen’s effects on bone density (e.g., raloxifene)
• Denosumab: A monoclonal antibody that helps to decrease bone resorption
• Teriparatide: A form of parathyroid hormone that stimulates bone formation
• Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: May be recommended to ensure adequate intake and support bone health.

Fall Prevention:

• Home safety assessments to reduce fall risk
• Physical therapy or exercise programs to improve balance and strength

 

If you have concerns about osteoporosis, your risk factors, or the need for screening, consult a specialist at Reem Hospital by calling 8007444.

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