Obesity

 

What is Obesity?

A condition where excess body fat accumulates and may negatively affect health.

Measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI):

• BMI 30 or higher: Classified as obese
• BMI 25–29.9: Classified as overweight

Symptoms of Obesity

• Increased body weight and visible excess fat (especially around the waist)
• Difficulty performing physical activities or feeling easily fatigued
• Shortness of breath, particularly during exercise
• Joint or back pain due to excess weight
• Low self-esteem or emotional distress linked to body image
• Snoring or sleep issues, such as sleep apnea

Causes and Risk Factors

• Genetics: Family history can increase obesity risk
• Unhealthy Diet: High-calorie, low-nutrient foods (e.g., processed snacks, sugary drinks)
• Physical Inactivity: Sedentary lifestyle without regular exercise
• Emotional Eating: Overeating due to stress, depression, or emotional triggers
• Age: Slower metabolism with aging
• Hormonal Disorders: Conditions like hypothyroidism or PCOS
• Medications: Certain drugs (e.g., steroids, antidepressants) can cause weight gain
• Lack of Sleep: Disrupts hunger-regulating hormones
• Pregnancy: Postpartum weight retention in some women

Screening & Diagnostic Tests

Body Mass Index (BMI):

• Normal: 18.5–24.9
• Overweight: 25–29.9
• Obese: 30 or higher

Waist Circumference:

• Men: Over 40 inches (102 cm) = increased risk
• Women: Over 35 inches (88 cm) = increased risk

Blood Tests:

• Lipid Profile: Measures cholesterol levels
• Blood Glucose: Checks for diabetes or prediabetes
• Thyroid Function Test: Detects thyroid issues
• Blood Pressure: Often elevated in obese individuals

Health Risks Associated with Obesity

• Heart disease and stroke
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Certain cancers (breast, colon, endometrial)
• Osteoarthritis and joint problems
• Sleep apnea and breathing difficulties
• Fatty liver disease
• Gallbladder disease

 

Treatment Options

Lifestyle Changes

Healthy Diet:

• Eat more whole foods: fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains
• Reduce processed foods, sugary snacks, and drinks
• Practice portion control

Exercise:

• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity weekly (e.g., brisk walking, cycling)
• Include strength training to build muscle and boost metabolism

Behavioral Therapy:

• Identify and manage emotional eating triggers
• Participate in weight management counseling or support groups

Medications

Prescribed in specific cases to:

• Suppress appetite
• Inhibit fat absorption

Used in conjunction with lifestyle changes and under medical supervision

Surgical Treatments (Bariatric Surgery)

Considered for:

• BMI > 40
• BMI > 35 with obesity-related conditions

Common types:

• Gastric Bypass: Reduces stomach size and nutrient absorption
• Sleeve Gastrectomy: Removes a portion of the stomach
• Adjustable Gastric Band: Limits food intake with a stomach band
• Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS): A more complex option combining stomach reduction and intestinal bypass

Medical Devices

Non-surgical options:

• Gastric balloons or adjustable gastric bands: Temporarily reduce stomach capacity to aid weight loss

 

Prevention Tips

• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins
• Stay active with regular physical exercise
• Monitor your weight and BMI regularly
• Aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night
• Manage stress with physical activity, meditation, or hobbies
• Limit alcohol and avoid smoking

 

For more guidance or to explore treatment options, contact us at 8007444.

Consult a Bariatric Surgeon