Cervical Cancer

 

What is Cervical Cancer?

 

– Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix grow uncontrollably.

– The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

– The majority of cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

 

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

 

– Early-stage cervical cancer often has no noticeable symptoms.

– As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

– Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause).

– Unusual vaginal discharge (may be watery, pink, or foul-smelling).

– Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse.

– Swelling in the legs or pelvic area.

– Changes in bladder or bowel habits.

 

Causes and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

 

– HPV Infection: Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is the leading cause of cervical cancer.

– Sexual Activity: Early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, or partners with multiple sexual partners increases the risk.

– Weakened Immune System: Conditions that weaken the immune system (e.g., HIV) can increase the risk of cervical cancer.

– Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to cervical cancer, as it may damage cervical cells.

– Long-term Use of Birth Control Pills: Using hormonal contraceptives for five or more years may slightly increase the risk.

– Lack of Regular Screening: Not having regular Pap tests or HPV tests can allow cervical cancer to develop unnoticed.

– Family History: A family history of cervical cancer may increase risk.

 

Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Cervical Cancer

 

– Pap Smear (Pap Test):

– A routine test that collects cells from the cervix to check for precancerous changes and cervical cancer.

– Recommended for women starting at age 21, regardless of sexual activity.

– Women aged 21-29 should have Pap tests every three years.

– Women aged 30-65 should have Pap tests combined with HPV testing every five years or Pap tests alone every three years.

 

– HPV Testing:

– Can be done alongside the Pap test for women aged 30-65.

– Detects the presence of high-risk HPV types that can lead to cervical cancer.

 

– Colposcopy:

– If abnormal cells are detected, a colposcopy may be performed to closely examine the cervix using a special microscope.

– A biopsy may be taken during this procedure for further analysis.

 

– Biopsy:

– If cervical cancer is suspected, a biopsy involves removing a small sample of cervical tissue for laboratory testing to confirm diagnosis.

 

Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer

 

– Early-Stage Treatment:

– Surgery: Removal of the cervix (conization) or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix) for early-stage cancers.

– Laparoscopic or Robotic Surgery: Minimally invasive options may be available for certain patients.

 

– Radiation Therapy:

– Often used in combination with other treatments for local or regional cervical cancer.

– Can be external beam radiation or internal radiation (brachytherapy).

 

– Chemotherapy:

– May be used in combination with radiation for locally advanced cervical cancer or to treat metastatic disease.

 

– Targeted Therapy:

– Drugs that target specific pathways in cancer cells are used in advanced cases.

 

– Immunotherapy:

– Treatments that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells may be considered for advanced cervical cancer.

 

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

 

– HPV Vaccination:

– The HPV vaccine is recommended for preteens (ages 11-12) and can be given up to age 26 for those who missed it earlier. It protects against the most common cancer-causing HPV types.

 

– Regular Screening:

– Routine Pap and HPV tests can detect changes early and prevent cervical cancer from developing.

 

– Safe Sexual Practices:

– Using condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of HPV transmission.

 

– Quit Smoking:

– Avoiding tobacco can reduce the risk of cervical cancer and improve overall health.

 

– Healthy Lifestyle:

– Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and eating a balanced diet can boost the immune system.

 

If you have concerns about cervical cancer, your risk factors, or the need for screening contact us at 8007444

Consult a Gynecologist