MPOX [MONKEYPOX]: SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & PREVENTION

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is caused by the monkeypox virus. It is transmitted from animals such as primates and monkeys, as well as from person to person through direct skin contact or respiratory droplets. Initially reported in Africa, Monkeypox has since spread to other continents, leading to an increase in affected individuals worldwide. People, especially those who travel internationally, should be aware of this ongoing epidemic. 

What is Mpox [Monkeypox]? 

Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which transmits from animals to humans. It was first identified in West and Central Africa and has since been reported in various parts of the world.  

Poxviruses are a family of DNA viruses that can affect both animals and humans. The specific group of poxviruses that affects humans is called orthopoxviruses. These can cause several diseases, with the most common being monkeypox and chickenpox. However, chickenpox is an exception, as it is caused by the herpesvirus, not a poxvirus. 

What are the symptoms of Monkeypox? 

The symptoms of Monkeypox usually manifest in two phases.

Early Symptoms:

These appear shortly after infection and include: 

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Tiredness 
• Lymph node swelling, commonly in the neck or armpits. 

These symptoms can resemble those of other viral infections and typically last for a short period. By the second or third day, additional symptoms such as a rash may become noticeable. 

Progression of Symptoms: 

• A skin rash usually appears 1-2 days after the fever. The rash starts as flat spots and then develops into blisters that may fill with pus. It often begins on the face or trunk and can also appear in the genital areas. 

• The rash typically takes 2-4 weeks to fall off, and the skin usually takes this time to fully heal. 

Transmission of Monkeypox

Transmission of Mpox can occur from animals to humans or from humans to humans. 

Animals to Humans

Transmission can occur directly from animals to humans through: 

• Touching infected animals 
• Being scratched or bitten by them 
• Coming into contact with objects or surfaces contaminated by their respiratory or body secretions 

The virus typically affects mammals, such as rodents and primates. 

Humans to Humans

Transmission between humans can happen through: 

• Touching the lesions or rash of an infected person 
• Being within a few feet of an infected person and inhaling air contaminated with their respiratory droplets 

Diagnosis for Mpox

Diagnosis is initially based on clinical manifestations. If a doctor suspects Mpox, they will request a PCR analysis, a genetic test used to identify the virus. 

This test involves taking a tissue sample from the rash or lesions to confirm the presence of the virus. Additionally, a blood sample may be requested to detect either the virus itself or antibodies against it, and to assess the body’s immunity status. 

During this time, we recommend isolating yourself if you have been exposed to infected people or animals, or if you experience any symptoms of the virus. Use a face mask and avoid sharing personal items with others until you seek proper medical attention. 

Treatment and Management 

Mpox is a self-limiting disease that typically improves on its own without specific treatment. However, it is important to take care of yourself and follow these guidelines: 

• Monitor your diet: Increase your fiber intake from fruits and vegetables to support your immune system. 

• Stay hydrated: Compensate for water and electrolyte loss. 

• Isolate yourself: Quarantine yourself from others. 

• Keep your rash covered: Follow your doctor’s advice for covering the rash. 

• Avoid sharing personal items. 

• Wash your hands frequently. 

• Track your symptoms: Consult a doctor if necessary. 

Currently, there is no definitive treatment for the virus. However, supportive care can help manage symptoms. This may include: 

• Using antipyretics to control elevated temperature 

• Taking decongestants and anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate symptoms 

Doctors may prescribe antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Additionally, some antiviral medications, proven effective against other pox family viruses, may be used in severe cases where a high viral load overwhelms the body’s immune system. 

Prevention for Monkeypox

Personal Hygiene and Protective Measures: 

• Wash your hands: Use soap and water regularly. If soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content. 

• Avoid touching your face: Keep your hands away from your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, ensure your hands are clean. 

• Avoid contact with infected animals: Refrain from touching infected animals, their bedding, or objects they may have touched. 

• Cook meat thoroughly: Ensure meat is well-cooked to eliminate any potential viruses. 

Monkeypox Vaccination Recommendations

• Smallpox vaccines: Available to provide protection against monkeypox for individuals at risk. 

• High-risk individuals: Vaccination is recommended for those who are responsible for caring for animals, individuals with weakened immune systems (such as those who frequently fall ill or have comorbidities like diabetes or hypertension), or those on long-term medications. If you fall into one of these categories, it is advisable to seek vaccination to protect yourself from infection. 

Conclusion 

In conclusion, monkeypox is a self-limiting viral infection that can begin with symptoms similar to other viral infections. If you notice swelling in the neck or armpits or a rash appearing 1-2 days later: 

• If you have been in contact with infected people or animals, or suspect your symptoms may indicate Mpox, isolate yourself. Avoid sharing utensils and personal items and contact the hospital for tests and treatment. 

• Seek medical attention, especially if you have been in contact with infected animals or people. You can connect with General Physicians or Family Medicine doctors. 

• Obtain appropriate treatment and support. 

For any concerns or questions about Mpox, feel free to reach out to Reem Hospital on 8007444. You can also visit our urgent care center at Reem Hospital with a direct walk-in. We are here to assist you.